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Taiwan's Green Deal: Environmental Protection Agency and civil groups jointly promote circular economy

Following the spirit of the Netherlands' "Green Deal", the Environmental Protection Agency of the Executive Yuan joined hands with private industry groups "Marine Waste Plastic Circular Economy Alliance", "Green Electronic Resources Alliance" and "Taiwan Construction Resource Recycling Alliance" on June 1 this year. "Sign the Green Agreement and work together to promote the circular economy. The "Marine Waste Plastic Circular Economy Alliance" was established on April 22 this year by the Plastics Center. Through the initiative of "converting marine waste plastics into consumer products with commercial value", it hopes to connect with economic incentives. , downstream industries, and promote recycling opportunities for marine waste plastics. The "Green Electronic Resources Alliance" is a self-organized alliance of Taiwanese enterprises that was formally established on February 6 under the witness of Environmental Protection Agency Director Li Yingyuan, Waste Management Department Director Lai Yingying and others. It hopes to achieve the recycling of electronic waste through industrial division of labor. Utilization and sustainable development of the electronics industry. The "Taiwan Construction Resource Recycling Alliance" hopes to establish a discussion and sharing platform to connect the four major areas of circular economy in Taiwan's construction industry, including low-carbon construction design, shared economic model, green recycling technology for building materials and green construction promotion strategies, and formulate The green construction industry white paper serves as a reference for government policy. The Environmental Protection Agency stated that the Netherlands signed a national raw materials agreement in 2017, and gathered the efforts of ministries, local governments and large companies to promote it, from front-end product design to back-end recycling, etc., to find mutually beneficial cooperation opportunities and break away from linear economic thinking. , transforming into a circular economy business model. Therefore, through this press conference on the "Green Agreement Signing", the public and private sectors can declare

India vigorously develops renewable energy and joins forces with Japan to "decarbonize"

In recent years, various countries have vigorously developed renewable energy. Whether it is Germany or China, countries have vigorously constructed solar power generation and wind power generation facilities. India is no exception. The country's government prefers to cooperate with foreign companies to accelerate the construction of renewable energy. All-round cooperation to promote renewable energy in India Japanese Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry Hiroshige Seko participated in the "Japan-India Energy Dialogue" in India. The two countries confirmed all-round cooperation to promote renewable energy in India to achieve the goal of "decarbonization" and significantly reduce CO2 emissions. India's power infrastructure is insufficient. Many urban and rural areas are not connected to large power grids and can only rely on local diesel generators to generate electricity, which seriously pollutes the environment. The power grid in big cities is also unstable, and power outages occur from time to time. As the government promotes "Make in India" and hopes to become a manufacturing powerhouse, stable and clean electricity has become a serious challenge. Expanding electric vehicle charging equipment group to attack the African market Indian Power Minister RK Singh and Hiroshige Seko reached an "Japan-India Energy Conversion Cooperation Plan" at the "Japan-India Energy Dialogue". In addition to cooperating in the field of renewable energy such as solar energy to make power supply more stable, the two countries also cooperate in the use of hydrogen and electric vehicle charging equipment. The two countries also plan to combine Japanese technology and Indian talent to form a team to enter the African market. Source: CSRone (2018/05/14)

Vancouver bans plastic straws and Styrofoam boxes in 2019

Vancouver, Canada has voted to ban the use of plastic straws, Styrofoam cups and Styrofoam boxes in January 2019 to comply with local environmental protection policies. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) reported that Vancouver voted to pass the bill on Wednesday in order to implement the "2040 Zero Resource Waste Policy." In addition, the new law also stipulates that companies are not allowed to provide disposable cups, plastic bags or paper bags, or at least charge additional fees to consumers. The authorities stated that if environmental protection reduction standards are still not met by 2021, a direct plastic ban will be implemented. According to statistics, Vancouver generates more than 2.6 million paper cups and 2 million plastic bags of garbage every week. (Lin Xiaoru 30 comprehensive foreign news report) Source: Apple Daily (2018/05/18)

Malaysia establishes first National Emissions Testing Center (NETC)

The Malaysian Automotive Institute (MAI), the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) and the Department of Environment (DOE) will jointly launch the country's first National Emissions Testing Center (NETC) in Rawang, Selangor, Malaysia. The National Emissions Testing Center cost approximately MYR 50 million to build and is located near the Perodua manufacturing plant. It will be operated by MAI. This testing center will be open to all local car manufacturers and ASEAN countries to conduct emissions testing. Testing, testing standards will be based on UN R83 and R101 to test emission standards and fuel consumption. As Malaysia moves to improve energy efficiency in transportation, reducing carbon emissions is critical to meet global standards. NETC is the first comprehensive emission testing center in Malaysia and will provide OEM services to manufacturers in Malaysia and the ASEAN region. The technicians operating NETC have received training and certification from the testing center's technical partner, Daihatsu Motor Co., and there are plans to expand the service scope to motorcycles and commercial vehicles in the future. Emission testing is a requirement for vehicles to comply with the Ministry of Road Transport (JPJ) model certification and EEV (Energy Efficient Vehicle) certification. Many tests are currently conducted overseas. With the launch of the first NETC, MAI predicts that all OEMs and car manufacturers The testing and certification costs will be significantly reduced, and the testing cycle will be shortened. Malaysian Automotive Institute (MAI) announces

WHO: More than 90% of the world’s population breathes polluted air

The World Health Organization (WHO) stated today (2nd) that more than 90% of the global population are breathing high concentrations of pollutants, and poor air quality causes approximately 7 million deaths every year. Air pollution is a problem that is being dealt with all over the world, although it is more severe in poorer countries, according to new data released by the WHO. WHO Secretary-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus issued a statement saying, "Air pollution threatens us all, but the poorest and most marginalized people bear the brunt." The WHO's study examines the health risks of outdoor and household air pollution The study found that about 7 million people die every year due to exposure to particles in polluted air. Studies indicate that more than 901 TP3T deaths are related to air pollution in low- and middle-income countries, primarily in Asia and Africa. Maria Neira, director of the WHO's public health and environment department, said, "This is a very serious problem we face." The data focuses on dangerous particulate matter (PM10, suspended particulate matter) between 2.5 and 10 microns in diameter. ), and the dangers of suspended particulate matter (PM2.5) with a diameter of less than 2.5 microns. Among them, PM2.5 contains toxins such as sulfate and carbon black, which pose the greatest harm to health because they can penetrate deeply into the lungs or cardiovascular system. According to the WHO, this can lead to respiratory infections such as stroke, heart disease, lung cancer and pneumonia. Source: C

France has succeeded in rescuing leftover food, but now it has to deal with leftover clothes

France has been working hard to combat food waste in recent years and has seen initial results. Next, the government will focus on the issue of clothing waste that has attracted less attention, and intends to prohibit clothing brands from arbitrarily discarding unsold new clothes. In 2016, France stipulated that large shopping malls must donate unsold food to charities and must not discard or destroy it. At that time, France was the first country in the world to enact an anti-waste food bill. The Ministry of Agriculture stated that in the two years since the bill was enacted, it has achieved very positive results. Food donations received by charitable groups have increased by 22%, and Italy, Peru, and Finland have also followed suit. The French government once again announced a crackdown on food waste in April last year. Congress is discussing measures to force catering operators to provide free takeaway food for guests to eat, with the goal of reducing the amount of food waste by half by 2025. After having some success in rescuing leftover food, the government plans to start rescuing "leftover clothes," which are new clothes that have not been sold. Prime Minister Edouard Philippe this week proposed a reform outline for the circular economy, in which he mentioned that the government intends to introduce regulations to ban the disposal of unsold new clothes by 2019, which may force clothing brands to establish links with charity groups in order to donate Clothing. There are some groups in France that specialize in collecting old clothes, washing them in good condition before selling or giving them away, and turning damaged ones into rags or other fibers. One of the most well-known groups is Emmaus. Emmaus Deputy CEO Valerie Fayard was interviewed by the environmental observation platform Novethic

Portugal reaches 100% powered by renewable energy in March

Portugal generated more electricity from renewable energy than it needed in March, setting a model for other EU countries, a new report says. According to data from Portugal's National Grid Company (Redes Energéticas Nacionais, REN), renewable energy generation reached 4,812 gigawatt hours (GWh, equivalent to one million kilowatt hours) in the month, exceeding the national electricity demand peak of 4,647 GWh. Hydropower - boosted by average rainfall in March that quadrupled previous years - contributed 55%, and wind power accounted for 42%. This new record coincides with the Portuguese government’s decision in early April to suspend annual subsidies of 20 million euros (equivalent to approximately NT$720 million, HK$190 million), most of which were converted to standby firepower. Power plant obtained. It is almost a year since Portugal was last powered by 100% renewable energy, which lasted 107 hours, while the average renewable energy supply last March was 62%. Is green energy more optimistic? "Last month's results are an example of how we are not far away from all green energy generation. In addition to being a milestone for Portugal's electricity system, it also demonstrates that renewable energy can meet the electricity needs of an entire country." Two Portuguese non-profit organizations APREN and ZERO said in a jointly published report. They expect that Portugal's annual electricity demand will be stably supplied by cost-effective renewable energy sources in 2040. Although thermal power plants still need to operate part of the time, the rest of the time

UK considers imposing car air pollution tax

According to a report by the Financial Times on the 13th, the British government is considering taxing car owners and urban builders who cause air pollution in order to improve the air quality of British cities. UK Chancellor of the Exchequer Philip Hammond has announced a car tax consultation to encourage the development of more environmentally friendly transport and increase user costs for urban construction equipment that utilizes low-tax "red diesel". Currently, the tax on commercial light vehicles in the UK is 140 pounds regardless of pollution level. Although it will be increased to 150 pounds in April, there is no significant difference between old models with high nitrogen oxide emissions and new low-air pollution models. The auto industry is trying to promote the benefits of its latest diesel engines, which emit the same levels of nitrogen oxides as gasoline cars but emit a fifth less carbon dioxide. However, British and EU car buyers have gradually shunned this technology in anticipation of bans and policies that exclude the use of fuel in older car models. Data from the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders shows that UK diesel sales fell by 17% last year, and new car sales fell to 35% in February, down from 44.5% in the same period last year. Last year's British fiscal budget announced an investment of 500 million pounds to promote the development of electric vehicles and would increase tax rates on new diesel vehicles and company cars. The British Chancellor of the Exchequer also announced a public consultation on the use of red diesel in his speech on Tuesday (13th). This diesel is mainly used for agricultural vehicles and heavy machinery, and is prohibited from use by general road vehicles. Its tax is lower than that of ordinary diesel. The current price of red diesel is 11.14 pence per liter, while ordinary diesel costs 11.14 pence per liter.

"Foreign garbage" is banned with one order, but circular economy is difficult to achieve overnight

From January 1, 2018, China’s import ban on foreign garbage has officially come into effect. The ban covers 24 types of solid waste in four categories, including waste plastics from domestic waste, unsorted waste paper and waste textile raw materials. As for the reason for the ban on imports, the document clearly states that "the illegal entry of foreign garbage has been repeatedly banned, seriously endangering the health of the people and the safety of our country's ecological environment." This is just the beginning. By the end of 2019, China will gradually stop importing all solid waste that can be replaced by domestic resources. Obviously, the Chinese government’s basic attitude towards foreign garbage has changed. Recycled metals, plastics and other raw materials are cheaper than virgin materials. Fundamentally, China’s status as a global manufacturing center and the resulting massive demand for cheap raw materials have determined that China has continued to import large amounts of solid waste from abroad over the past few decades. According to data from the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database (Comtrade), in 2015, more than 70% of waste plastic and 37% of waste paper in the world were exported to China. European countries and the United States are the main sources of this waste. This supply chain can be sustained naturally because every link in it is profitable. For developed countries, the cost of domestic processing is about US$400 to US$1,000 per ton, and the cost of shipping to China is only US$10 to US$40 per ton even with freight. However, for Chinese receivers, the cost is extremely low. After buying at the price, through multiple selections and classifications, and reselling them layer by layer, a series of products are formed at the bottom of the global value chain.

C2CPII releases list of restricted substances for draft fourth edition of C2C Certification™ Standard

C2C Product Certification (Cradle to Cradle Product Certification™) is one of the world's most recognized environmental sustainability certifications with reference value, and 2017 is a year of rapid progress for C2C certification. Among them, it is worth emphasizing that the number of qualified products with C2C certification has increased significantly. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has adopted C2C certification as the highest product sustainability standard in the new federal green procurement guidelines. Home Depot and Walmart also agree that C2C certification is an important part of green chemistry. One of the very few trusted third-party verification programs for safe and secure materials. As C2C certification is recognized by more and more units in the global market and its value continues to increase, C2CPII believes that they have a greater responsibility to ensure this certification standard and maintain a leading edge in the field of product sustainability around the world. This attitude drives C2CPII to continuously revise and optimize C2C certification standards. Now, C2CPII is revising the standard and plans to launch the 4th edition of C2C certified product standards by the end of 2018. During the revision of the 4th edition, the Certification Standards Committee of C2CPII realized: "We can seize this opportunity to update the list of banned chemicals to make us more synchronized with the latest international chemicals regulations." Therefore, C2CPII proposed some major changes to the 4th edition of the banned chemicals list, and also introduced a new name "Basic Level Restricted Substances List (RSL)"

Green innovation gives birth to new life for marine plastics

According to a 2017 scientific journal, more than 9.1 billion tons of plastic have been produced globally since the Industrial Revolution in 1950. Plastic cannot decompose in nature like other substances, so up to 334% of plastic waste has accumulated in garbage. In landfills, there is more garbage scattered on the land, sinking in the depths of the ocean, and in lakes, causing organisms to accidentally eat it and even cause death. According to statistics, about 8 million tons of plastic waste flows into the ocean every year around the world, and as many as 800 species are threatened. The United Nations pointed out in a 2016 report that marine debris has become a key factor threatening marine and coastal biological life; in Taiwan, the Environmental Protection Agency also jointly released the "Taiwan Marine Debris Management Action Plan" on this (13th), publicly announcing that it will In 2030, single-use plastic products including shopping plastic bags, disposable tableware, take-out drink cups, and plastic straws will be completely banned. In 2019, we will strive to become the first country in the world to restrict the use of plastic straws. We hope to achieve this as soon as possible. The goal of "plastic-free oceans". In response to global environmental issues, more and more designers and industries are investing in the field of green design, especially the development of products made from recycled materials, which have mushroomed in recent years. How to show design power on products and provide the market with a green consumption choice has become the direction in which designers continue to work hard. Looking at the products made from recycled marine plastics, it is not difficult to find that more than 80% of them emphasize the research and development and reuse of materials, such as Helen Xindu Silk’s black marine plastic bottles or Ecoa, which turns materials into textiles.

California proposes legislation requiring polyester clothing to carry microfiber warning labels

The California Legislature is currently considering legislation requiring polyester clothing to carry a plastic microfiber warning on the label. This plan is a proposal launched in response to the current harm that plastic particles and plastic microfibers may cause to the environment and drinking water quality. The legislative unit has taken into account the current people's increasing awareness of the environmental protection of plastic particles and microfibers. In order to protect the public's right to know when purchasing, it plans to require polyester fiber clothing to display warnings on the labels, hoping to reduce the impact of plastic microfibers on the environment and ecological damage. The bill would require clothing made from polyester fibers containing more than 50% to carry a "conspicuous label" that states: When this product is washed, plastic microfibers will fall off. It is recommended to use hand washing to avoid shedding of plastic microfibers. This labeling requirement is expected to be implemented on January 1, 2020. Pollution from plastic particles and microfibers is also an important issue in the EU. At the beginning of this year, the European Commission asked the European Chemical Agency to compile an Annex XV to the REACH regulation, which targets the restrictions on the intentional addition of plastic particles to products. Source: Chemical Watch (2018-03-08) (PIDC compilation)

EU enforcement program finds toys, jewelry and other consumer products contain high levels of restricted chemicals

In February 2018, the European Chemical Agency published a report on the Fourth Collaborative Enforcement Program (REF-4) of the Enforcement Forum. The purpose of the program is to raise awareness of the chemical restriction list in Annex XVII of the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) Regulation, as well as to identify non-compliant economic operators and take enforcement action. In 2016, 29 countries participated in product analysis inspections, testing mixtures or articles for the content of restricted substances. Products inspected include textiles, toys, jewelry, plastic materials, glues, spray paints, rigid materials and child care items. Participating countries conducted a total of 5,625 product inspections involving 17 substances, 1,009 mixtures and 4,599 articles. Among the products inspected, 82% complied with the restrictions of REACH regulations; the average proportion of violations was 18%. Considering that the use of chemicals restricted by REACH regulations poses serious risks to health or the environment, the report believes that 18% is a relatively high violation ratio. The chemical substances with the highest proportion of violations involve phthalates contained in toys, asbestos fibers contained in second-hand products, and heavy metals contained in jewelry. In addition, high levels of tetravalent chromium are also found in leather items. An analysis of the origin of illegal products found that the highest proportion was products imported from mainland China, accounting for 17% of illegal products; products from the EU/EEA accounted for 10%. in addition

"Vacuum cleaning" plus "delivery"-German environmentally friendly vehicle "Dust Eater" goes on trial on the road

Electric cars can run all over the streets and filter the air at the same time. German filter supplier Mann & Hummel, electric car manufacturer StreetScooter and DHL, a subsidiary of Deutsche Post Group, are working together to create this environmentally friendly car trial project, emphasizing that " "No carbon dioxide, no nitrogen oxides", focusing on "no noise, no suspended particles", trying to expand the economical application scope and additional business opportunities of electric vehicles. DHL, the world's largest logistics company, currently has about 5,000 electric commercial vehicles "Streetscooter" on the road in Germany. The chassis of five of the "Advance Force" vehicles have a mystery: each of these test vehicles is equipped with a dust filter underneath and two built-in fans; While inhaling the surrounding exhaust gas, it is filtered. The entire filter is the size of a spare tire well. It not only complies with German car body and chassis modification regulations, but also runs along the road with daily express delivery operations. Not only that, but more importantly, such a device not only effectively uses time and space, but also gets closer to areas with dense exhaust gases on the road, effectively absorbing exhaust dust (or PM/Particulate Matter). The large southern German city of Stuttgart is at the top of the air pollution blacklist, making it a perfect place to experiment. A similar approach is being tried locally on civilian vehicles - three gasoline-electric hybrid Passat Volkswagen RVs, named "Feinstaub-Fresser", are equipped with air filters in the vehicles. due to braking

New Delhi will implement green action plan to fight air pollution

In order to get rid of the stigma of the world's most polluted city, the New Delhi Municipal Government will propose a green budget on the 22nd and promote green action plans such as the introduction of electric buses. The New Delhi Municipal Government will propose the 2018-2019 government budget on the 22nd. The Times of India quoted sources today as saying that the New Delhi Municipal Government has brought together the environment, transportation, industry, energy and disability departments to discuss the matter for nearly 20 years. We are preparing to include a green budget in the budget proposed tomorrow to promote the green action plan. According to reports, New Delhi Mayor Arvind Kejriwal said that the focus should be on electric-driven public transportation. A visiting delegation has visited China to inspect and prepare to introduce electric buses early next year. The New Delhi Municipal Government plans to prepare a budget to reward companies for switching to cleaner energy models, select street trees, plants and street furniture based on their anti-pollution capabilities, promote comprehensive greening, and introduce measures to reduce carbon emissions. The National Capital Region of India, including New Delhi, suffers from a large number of vehicle exhaust emissions every winter, farmers in neighboring provinces burn straw, urban poor and street dwellers burn garbage at night to keep warm, more than 7,000 restaurants emit exhaust gas from grilled food, and construction site smoke, etc. Due to many factors, air quality is deteriorating year by year, and it often wins the title of the city with the most serious air pollution in the world. Studies show that many people die from air pollution-related diseases. Affected by public opinion, the Indian central government, the New Delhi Municipal Government and neighboring provincial governments are all devising plans to solve the air pollution problem.

Nearly half of the world’s population faces water shortages. United Nations: Focus on more environmentally friendly policies

The United Nations today released the 2018 World Water Development Report, which estimates that nearly half of the world's population, or 3.6 billion people, live in areas that suffer from water shortages for at least one month every year. The report warns that this number may increase to 5.7 billion people by 2050. Audrey Azoulay, Secretary-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), released the report in Brasilia, the capital of Brazil, saying: "If we do nothing, by 2050, about 5 billion people around the world will face "The report proposes nature-based solutions to better manage water resources. This is a major task that everyone must take responsibility for to avoid water-related conflicts," she said. "Many cases have shown that more ecosystem-friendly forms of water storage, such as natural wetlands, improved soil moisture and more efficient recharge of groundwater, can be more sustainable and effective than building traditional man-made infrastructure such as dams," said Richard Connor Benefits.” The report pointed out that green solutions have shown great potential. To download the World Water Development Report 2018 report, please refer to the website: http://www.unwater.org/publications/world-water-development-r

Chemical substances remain second largest product risk in EU

For the second consecutive year, hazardous chemicals in products such as toys and clothing have become the second largest health and safety risk in the EU market. According to the 2017 EU Rapid Alert System for Non-Food Consumer Products (RAPEX) statistical report, hazardous product notifications related to hazardous chemical substances accounted for 22% of all product notifications. In the 2016 RAPEX report, hazardous chemicals accounted for 23%, ranking as the second largest product risk for two consecutive years. The report pointed out that in 2017, a total of 544 cases of excessive levels of harmful chemical substances were reported. The top three countries with the most such notifications were Cyprus, the Czech Republic and Denmark. The following 5 categories are the products most frequently reported to contain hazardous substances exceeding the standard: – Toys (29%); – Motor vehicles (20%); – Clothing, fabrics and fashion products (12%); – Electronic and electrical products (6%); and – Child care products and children's equipment. Mainland China is still the country with the largest number of notified hazardous products, accounting for 52.4% of all hazardous product notifications. For details of the report, please refer to the attachment: 2017_Report_EU_Rapid_Alert_System_for_dangerous_non-food_products Source: Chemical Watch (2018-03-13)

Walmart’s hazardous materials disclosure policy will be consistent with California law

Walmart, the largest chain retailer in the United States, recently updated its product material disclosure policy. After this update, its material disclosure policy will be consistent with California’s hazardous substances regulations and requires all suppliers to comply with this specification. In 2013, Walmart began to notify its upstream suppliers that information on hazardous substances in products must be disclosed online starting in 2015, and information must be disclosed on product labels starting in 2018. As of now, Walmart’s hazardous substances list contains 22 international hazardous substances regulations. Beginning this year, Walmart’s list of hazardous substances will include hazardous substances specified in California’s Cleaning Product Right to Know Act into its information disclosure policy. All cleaning product suppliers will be required to do so as long as their products comply with California’s Cleaning Product Right to Know Act. The Product Right to Know Act can comply with Walmart’s hazardous substances information disclosure requirements. Walmart’s information disclosure requirements cover all “chemical substance composition” consumer products sold in the following departments: – Health and beauty-related products; – Household paper products; – Pet supplies; – Household chemical products; – Cosmetics and skin care products ; – Consumer products for infants and young children. Source: Chemical Watch (

EU develops action plan to reduce hazardous substances in products and waste

Europe has recently released a series of action plans to solve problems related to harmful substances in products and waste. These plans are included in the EU's circular economy promotion plan, which also includes re-examining existing directives and regulations related to chemical substances, products and waste to see if they are in line with the EU's general direction of promoting plastic policies and circular economy in the future. In the past year, the European Commission reviewed the directives and regulations related to waste management, chemical substances and products, and summarized four key issues that must be solved when promoting the circular economy in the future. 1. Transparency of Hazardous Substances Information The European Commission is expected to complete a feasibility study and analysis of an innovative information system by 2019 and evaluate a new set of application traceability technologies to track the process information of hazardous substances in the finished product supply chain. The scope of traceability information includes finished products. From the initial use of raw materials to the final recycling processor. At the same time, the European Commission will also establish testing and inspection procedures for imported products to ensure that no harmful substances are added during the production process of finished products. 2. Legacy substances are harmful substances that were already present in products before the ban on chemical substances was promoted. However, based on the current recycling regulations, the recycled products contain harmful substances that exceed the current chemical substance requirements. . These leftover hazardous substances may endanger the current recycling system and cause the risk of excessive hazardous substances in reused materials. Therefore, the European Commission plans to complete the establishment of a specific

Furniture flame retardants increase smoke toxicity, study finds

A British study on the addition of chemical flame retardants to furniture found that chemical flame retardants can increase the toxicity of smoke. In a fire, the harm to the human body may even be greater than its role in delaying the spread of fire. In this study, experts used furniture fabrics added with different flame retardants and compared the effects of these fabrics on the human body in terms of fire spread and smoke toxicity. Of the four sofa beds in the study, three complied with the UK Furniture Flammability Regulations (FFR) requirements, and the other complied with the EU market's flame retardant-free requirements. Of the three FFR-compliant sofa beds, two use different types of chemical flame retardants that comply with FFR specifications. The other sofa bed is made of all-natural materials and is supplemented by special weaving technology to pass FFR flammability Require. In the actual combustion test, it was found that the two British sofa beds with chemical flame retardants added and the EU sofa bed without flame retardants took a longer time to ignite the fire. However, during the period when the sofa bed was heated and did not burn, Over time, sofa beds containing chemical flame retardants produce large amounts of toxic gases such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide when heated. In tests to evaluate the incapacitation and lethality caused by combustion gases to the human body, it was found that the exhaust gases produced by two chemical flame retardants caused the greatest harm to the human body. The second highest ranking was the EU sofa bed without added chemical flame retardants. . However, the sofa bed made of all-natural materials and supplemented by special weaving technology has passed the British FFR flammability requirements and the ignition speed is also very low.

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